William Augustus Bowles
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William Augustus Bowles (1763-1805), also known as Estajoca and often confused with the privateer known as Billy Bowlegs, was a Maryland-born English adventurer who served with the Maryland Loyalists Battalion as an ensign during the American Revolution, having joined the British Army as part of a provincial battalion. In 1777 he held the rank of Ensign, the lowest officer rank in the army at the time. He travelled with the Maryland Loyalist Battalion when they went by ship to Pensacola, where he resigned his rank, and went into the wilderness. It is this rank of "ensign" that confuses scholars even today, as it was at that time a rank for the army.
He left Pensacola with a group of Creek Indians, but returned in 1779 and fought with British forces against Bernardo de Gàlvez during the 1781 Siege of Pensacola.
In his life among the Indians, Bowles married two wives: one Cherokee and other Creek. His Creek wife was the chief's daughter, making him heir to Creek chiefdom. Pursuing his idea of an American Indian state after the end of the war, he was received by George III as 'Chief of the Embassy for Creek and Cherokee Nations.' With British funding, he returned to the Bahamas to train Creek Braves as pirates to attack Spanish ships.
A furious Spain offered $6,000 and 1,500 kegs of rum for his capture, and when he finally was captured he was transported to Madrid where he was unmoved by the King of Spain's attempts to make him change sides. He then escaped, commandeering a ship and returning to the Gulf of Mexico. In 1795 along with the Seminoles, he formed a short-lived state in northern Florida known as the "State of Muskogee", with himself as its president, and in 1800 declared war on Spain. In 1803, not long after having declared himself 'Chief of all Indians present' at a trial council, he was betrayed and turned over to the Spanish. He died in prison in Havana two years later, having refused to eat.
The Billy Bowlegs Festival, celebrated annually in Fort Walton Beach, is named for him.
External links
- Fort Walton Beach Chamber of Commerce
- The Destruction of Muskogee Autonomy Before the Creek War by Adam Oliver
- http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~cmamcrk4/pkt26.html#anchor1986014
Le Clerc Milfort's Travels & Sojourn in the Creek Nation
